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Abstract

Makalah ini menganalisis transformasi struktural industri nikel global serta evolusi peran Indonesia di tengah percepatan transisi energi dan pertumbuhan pesat kendaraan listrik (electric vehicles/EVs). Industri nikel pada awalnya didominasi oleh produksi berbasis bijih sulfida dan permintaan baja tahan karat di bawah kepemimpinan korporasi Barat. Namun, sejak awal abad ke-21, industri ini mengalami perubahan fundamental yang dipicu oleh pergeseran menuju pemanfaatan bijih laterit, inovasi teknologi seperti Rotary Kiln–Electric Furnace (RKEF) dan High-Pressure Acid Leaching (HPAL), serta lonjakan permintaan industri dari Tiongkok. Dalam konteks tersebut, nikel berkembang menjadi mineral kritis yang memegang peran sentral dalam rantai pasok baterai kendaraan listrik dan keamanan energi global.


Makalah ini berargumen bahwa kemunculan Nickel Pig Iron (NPI) di Tiongkok, yang dikombinasikan dengan integrasi vertikal dalam manufaktur baterai serta investasi berskala besar di Indonesia, telah membentuk suatu poros baru Indonesia–Tiongkok yang secara efektif menstrukturkan pasokan nikel global. Melalui kebijakan hilirisasi industri dan penerapan larangan ekspor bijih nikel sejak 2014 yang sepenuhnya diberlakukan pada 2020, Indonesia telah bertransformasi dari eksportir bijih mentah menjadi pusat pengolahan nikel terbesar di dunia.


Meskipun mengalami peningkatan pesat, berbagai tantangan struktural masih tampak, antara lain pada ketergantungan teknologi, sistem produksi yang intensif karbon, tekanan lingkungan dan sosial, keterbatasan nilai tambah domestik di luar tahap pemurnian, serta meningkatnya fragmentasi geopolitik dalam pasar mineral kritis. Dengan menggunakan kerangka ekonomi politik sumber daya yang bersifat historis-struktural, makalah ini berpendapat bahwa posisi jangka panjang Indonesia tidak hanya ditentukan oleh ketersediaan sumber daya, tetapi juga oleh kemampuan melakukan peningkatan teknologi, integrasi yang lebih dalam dalam rantai nilai, serta navigasi strategis terhadap geopolitik mineral kritis.

Keywords

industri nikel pengolahan laterit hilirisasi industri transisi energi geopolitik mineral kritis kendaraan listrik (EV)

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright ©Kementerian PPN/Bappenas RI

How to Cite
Nugroho, H., & Al-Wafiy, M. (2026). Evolusi Industri Nikel Global dan Indonesia: Tinjauan Historis dan Pelajaran Kebijakan. Bappenas Working Papers, 9(2), 236-255. https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v9i2.560

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